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A rival government is a that claims to be the legitimate (exclusive mandate) of a in opposition to the internationally recognized government which holds the seat for that country. Such governments tend to be formed in the aftermath of a , , or military coup. They differ from a government in exile as they are based in, and have control over territory within the claimed state.


Current rival governments

National level
1971Originally founded in 1912 following the 1911 Revolution. The Nationalist government took control with the Northern Expedition in 1920s. Collapsed following the Chinese Civil War and retreated to Taiwan. Lost its international recognition with the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 (XXVI) and the policy of the mainland Communist government.
Islamic Emirate of Somalia 2008Established in 2008 by Al-Shabaab in opposition to the Federal Government of Somalia during the Somali Civil War. Based in and controls parts of southern and central Somalia.
Supreme Political Council 2016Established by the following their takeover of Sanaa in September 2014 during the Yemeni civil war in opposition to the Presidential Leadership Council. Based in and has control over parts of northern and western Yemen. Recognised by Iran as the legitimate government of Yemen and was previously recognised by Syria under the Ba'athist regime.
National Unity Government of MyanmarState Security and Peace Commission2021Established by the Committee Representing Pyidaungsu Hluttaw following the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état and subsequent Myanmar Civil War in opposition to the provisional government appointed by the State Administration Council. Operates in hiding within areas of Myanmar under its control. In January 2025, Lwin Ko Latt stated that the NUG will be headquartered in and ministerial offices would be opened in this month in the liberated areas within the region. As of May 2025, the continues to list NUG President as President of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar.
Government of National Stability 2022Formed by the House of Representatives in March 2022 in opposition to the Government of National Unity appointed by the Libyan Presidential Council. Based in and controls most of eastern Libya.
Government of Peace and Unity 2025Established by the Rapid Support Forces in April 2025 during the Sudanese Civil War in opposition to the cabinet appointed by the Transitional Sovereignty Council. Based in Nyala and controls southern and parts of .


Sub-national level
Hamas administration 2007Established by in 2007 following the Battle of Gaza in opposition to the -led Government of Palestine. Based in and controls of the .
State of ChinlandRepublic of the Union of Myanmar2023A provisional administration for the established by ethnic armed organizations during the Myanmar civil war.
Karenni State Interim Executive CouncilRepublic of the Union of Myanmar2023A provisional administration for the established by ethnic armed organizations during the Myanmar civil war.
Popular Forces administrationHamas administration2025Established in 2025 by the in opposition to the Hamas administration in the during the . Based in and controls most of eastern Rafah and .
Congo River AllianceDemocratic Republic of Congo2025The Congo River Alliance has appointed rival provincial governors in the areas of and provinces that are under its control, in opposition to the de jure provincial governors appointed by the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Supreme Legal Committee in SuwaydaSyrian Arab Republic2025An administration established by the armed forces following clashes in the region and the partial withdrawal of central government institutions. The SLCS was headed by a Druze .


Previous rival governments since 1945
Provisional Democratic Government 19471949Established by the Communist Party of Greece in December 1947 during Greek Civil War. It was defeated in 1949 in the and officially dissolved in 1950.
National Government of the Republic of China1949Recognised 1971Proclaimed by the Chinese Communist Party in 1949 after its victory in the Chinese Civil War. Gained international recognition with the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 (XXVI).
Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia 19581961Established to combat the -backed Guided democracy government in Indonesia led by , the revolutionary government was eventually defeated and its leaders imprisoned.
Free Republic of the CongoRepublic of the Congo19601962Established on 12 December 1960 following 's deposition during the . It was soon recognised by Socialist and African countries. In late 1961 and early 1962, the Chamber of Deputies demanded the return of Prime Minister to the capital and military chief pledged allegiance to the official government and arrested Gizenga ending the government.
People's Republic of the CongoDemocratic Republic of the Congo19631965Established in August 1964 following the conquest of during the by the . In 1965, the last rebel strongholds fell.
Republic of South VietnamRepublic of Vietnam19691976Established on 8 June 1969 during the in opposition to the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam). Administered held areas of South Vietnam. Was recognized as the government of South Vietnam by most and . Gained complete control of South Vietnam after the Fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. Was disbanded when South Vietnam merged with on 2 July 1976 to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
Democratic People's Republic of Angola 19752002Established on 11 November 1975 during the Angolan Civil War by the originally Maoist . After the death of , UNITA demobilized and became an ordinary political party.
People's Republic of KampucheaDemocratic Kampuchea19791992Established by the Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation in opposition to Democratic Kampuchea following the capture of on 7 January 1979 by Vietnamese forces during the Cambodian–Vietnamese War. Based in Phnom Penh and administered most of Cambodia. The previous regime continued to be recognised as Cambodia's legitimate government by most countries and held the country's seat at the United Nations. The People's Republic of Kampuchea changed its name to the State of Cambodia in 1989 and was disestablished when Cambodia came under United Nations administration in 1992.
State Committee on the State of EmergencyPresidency of the Soviet Union19 August 199121 August 1991Established on 19 August 1991 during the August Coup by communist , in opposition to official government of Mikhail Gorbachev. Led by as acting President, it claimed authority over under a state of emergency while de facto controlling key government buildings including and military units in . Committee self-dissolved and members were arrested on 21 August 1991 after failing to seize full control.
Supreme Soviet GovernmentYeltsin GovernmentSeptember 1993October 1993Established on 21 September 1993 during the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis in opposition to the Yeltsin government. Led by Alexander Rutskoy as Acting President and Ruslan Khasbulatov as Supreme Soviet Chairman, it claimed authority over Russia while de facto controlling only the Russian White House and adjacent streets in . De facto Disestablished on 4 October 1993 when Yeltsin’s forces stormed the building.
Provisional Government of National Union and National Salvation of Cambodia 19941998Established by remnants of the . It was based in the Pailin municipality. Dissolved following 's death.
Islamic Emirate of AfghanistanIslamic State of Afghanistan19962001Established by the on 4 April 1996 during the in opposition to the Islamic State of Afghanistan. Was initially based in before capturing on 27 September 1996 and had gained control of approximately 90% of Afghanistan by the end of 2000. The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan was recognised by Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates as the legitimate government of Afghanistan. The Taliban were forced out of Kabul and Kandahar in 2001 during the United States invasion of Afghanistan. The Taliban maintained an insurgency against the Afghan government and, following a decision by US president Donald Trump to withdraw US forces from Afghanistan beginning in 2020, recaptured Kabul on 15 August 2021.
National Transitional CouncilGreat Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya20112012Established by Anti-Gaddafi forces in February 2011 during the First Libyan Civil War in opposition to the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. Based in . Gained control of eastern Libya in March 2011 and captured Tripoli in August 2011. The council gained recognition by numerous states as the legitimate government of Libya and was granted the country's seat in the in September 2011. Was superseded by the appointed by the General National Congress elected in 2012.
National Salvation GovernmentSecond Al-Thani Cabinet20142016Break-away faction of the General National Congress which did not support the formation of the Second Al-Thani Cabinet, originally founded in September 2014. Based in Tripoli and controlled western Libya. Was recognized as the legitimate government of Libya by , , , and . Was initially dissolved and absorbed into the internationally recognized Government of National Accord in April 2016 following the Libyan Political Agreement.
Second Al-Thani CabinetGovernment of National Accord20162021Established by the House of Representatives in September 2014 following the 2014 Libyan parliamentary election. Based in and controlled eastern Libya. Was recognized by most countries as the legitimate government of Libya until the establishment of the Government of National Accord in March 2016 following the Libyan Political Agreement. Continued to exist in opposition to the Government of National Accord with limited international recognition until both governments merged into the Government of National Unity following the Libyan Political Dialogue Forum in early 2021.
National Salvation GovernmentGovernment of National Accord20162017Break-away faction of the General National Congress which did not support the formation of the Government of National Accord following the Libyan Political Agreement. It was reestablished during an attempted coup d'état against the Government of National Accord in October 2016. However, it received no international recognition or support following the coup attempt and was again dissolved and absorbed into the Government of National Accord in March 2017.
Syrian Interim GovernmentBa'athist Syria20132025Established by the Syrian National Coalition in March 2013 during the Syrian Civil War in opposition to Ba'athist Syria. Based in and administered parts of northern Syria. Was absorbed into the Syrian caretaker government in January 2025 following the Fall of the Assad regime.
Syrian Salvation GovernmentBa'athist Syria20172024Established by Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham in November 2017 during the Syrian Civil War in opposition to Ba'athist Syria. Based in and administered parts of Idlib Governorate. Was superseded by the Syrian caretaker government in December 2024 following the Fall of the Assad regime.


Previous rival governments on a sub-national level
Republic of Canada 18371838Proclaimed by William Lyon Mackenzie on December 5, 1837. The self-proclaimed government was established on in the in the latter days of the Upper Canada Rebellion.
AP Western Bosnia 19931995Established by Fikret Abdić in September 1993 during the Intra-Bosnian Muslim War in opposition to the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Based in Velika Kladuša and administered parts of the . Maintained close cooperation with and Republic of Serbian Krajina. Was dissolved in August 1995 following the offensive by and Governmental forces.


Occupation zones
These are rival governments which were established simultaneously in the Soviet and Western occupation zones and claim sole jurisdiction over their respective region but both are recognised by the international community.
State of Vietnam
[[Republic of Vietnam
South Vietnam]] 1945/541975The DRV was declared in 1945 and the State of Vietnam was established in 1949. Vietnam was properly split after the 1954 Geneva Conference and division followed temporary military occupation zones set at the 17th parallel, with the supported by the and , and the supported by the . While both were recognized by different blocs of the international community, they were never simultaneously admitted to the United Nations and claimed the exclusive mandate over Vietnam. They fought a which ended with dissolution of South Vietnam.
Democratic People's Republic of KoreaRepublic of Korea1948ongoingBoth were established in 1948 and claimed to the exclusive mandate over Korea. They fought a which did not end with a peace treaty but an armistice signed in 1953. Both were accepted as members of the United Nations in 1991 with the Resolution 702 but have not established official diplomatic relationships with another. North Korea officially abandoned their goal of reuniting Korea in 2024.
19491990Both were established in 1949 and claimed to the exclusive mandate over Germany. The Hallstein Doctrine prevented states which recognised East Germany to establish diplomatic relationships with West Germany. The and Basic Treaty, 1972 started mutual recognition and both were accepted as members of the United Nations in 1973 with the Resolution 335. In 1974, East Germany removed their sole claim from the constitution. German reunification in 1990 under the Federal Republic of Germany.


See also


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